Thursday, January 27, 2011

test cricket history

List of Test cricket records

A man wearing a black shirt, with the collar up, and a dark cap with a light-coloured emblem.
Donald Bradman, holder of several Test batting records including highest batting average.
Sachin Tendulkar is the leading run-scorer and century maker in Test cricket.
Muttiah Muralidharan.
Muttiah Muralitharan is the highest wicket-taker in Test cricket.
Test cricket refers to the form of the sport played by international teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council (ICC).[1] Test matches differ from One Day Internationals in that the former consist of two innings per team, and innings are not restricted in terms of overs.[2] Test cricket is a subset of first-class cricket, so statistics and records set in Test matches also count toward first-class records. The duration of Tests, currently limited to five days, has varied through Test history, ranging from three days to timeless matches.[3][4] The first recognised Test match was played between England and Australia in March 1877;[5] since then there have been nearly 2,000 Tests played by 11 teams. The frequency of Tests has steadily increased partly because of the rise in the number of Test-playing countries, as well as cricket boards' looking to maximise revenue.[6]
Cricket is, by its nature, capable of generating large numbers of records and statistics.[7] This list details the most significant team and individual records in Test cricket.
The most successful team in Test cricket, in terms of both wins and win percentage, is Australia, having won 340 of their 723 Tests (47.02). Barring the ICC World XI, a rest of world team which played a single Test against Australia in 2005, the least successful team are Bangladesh who have struggled since their introduction to Test cricket in 2000, leading some to question their Test status.[8][9][10]
Australian Donald Bradman, widely considered the greatest batsman of all time,[11][12] holds several personal and partnership records. He scored the most runs in a series, has the most double centuries and was a part of the record fifth and sixth wicket partnerships. His most significant record is his batting average of 99.94, considered one of cricket's most famous statistics,[13][14] it stands nearly 40 runs higher than any other batsman's average.
In 1956, England spin bowler Jim Laker took 19 wickets for 90 runs (19-90) which set not only the Test record for best match figures but also the first-class one.[15] Laker's second innings analysis of 10-53 was the first occasion of a bowler taking all ten wickets in a Test match innings and they remain the best innings figures. Indian Leg-spinner Anil Kumble is the only other bowler to have taken 10 wickets in an innings, claiming 10-74 against Pakistan in 1999.[16] West Indies batsman Brian Lara is the holder of the highest individual score in Test cricket, he scored 400 not out against England in 2004 to surpass the innings of 380 by Matthew Hayden six months earlier. Lara had held the record before Hayden, with a score of 375 against England 10 years earlier.[17]
The trend of countries to increase the number in Test matches they play means that the aggregate lists are dominated by modern players with many record holders still playing. Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan became the highest Test wicket-taker in December 2007, when he passed Shane Warne's total of 708 wickets.[18] Within a year, the equivalent batting record of highest run-scorer had also changed hands: Sachin Tendulkar surpassed the tally of 11,953 runs by Brian Lara.[19] The records for most dismissals by a wicket-keeper and catches by a fielder are also held by active players: Mark Boucher and Rahul Dravid respectively.

Contents

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Listing criteria

In general the top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, when all the tied record holders are noted).

Listing notation

Team notation
  • (300-3) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained.
  • (300-3 d) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets, and declared its innings closed.
  • (300) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out.
Batting notation
  • (100) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was out.
  • (100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out.
Bowling notation
  • (5-100) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while conceding 100 runs.
Currently playing
  • † indicates a current Test cricketer.
Seasons
  • Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries. Domestic cricket seasons in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years, and are by convention said to be played in (e.g.) "2008–09". A cricket season in England is described as a single year. e.g. "2009". An international Test series may be for a much shorter duration, and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating "any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season".[20] In the record tables, a two-year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries.

Team records

Team wins, losses and draws

Matches played

Team↓ First Test match↓ Matches↓ Won↓ Lost↓ Drawn↓ Tied↓ % Won↓ % Won, Tied or Drawn↓
 England 01877-03-15 15 March 1877 907 320 261 326 0 35.28 71.22
 Australia 01877-03-15 15 March 1877 729 341 191 195 2 46.77 73.79
 West Indies 01928-06-23 23 June 1928 468 152 154 161 1 32.47 67.09
 India 01932-06-25 25 June 1932 447 108 139 198 1 24.16 68.68
 New Zealand 01930-01-10 10 January 1930 362 68 146 148 0 18.78 59.66
 South Africa 01889-03-12 12 March 1889 357 125 123 108 0 35.01 65.26
 Pakistan 01952-10-16 16 October 1952 354 106 99 149 0 29.94 72.03
 Sri Lanka 01982-02-17 17 February 1982 198 61 70 67 0 30.80 64.63
 Zimbabwe 01992-10-18 18 October 1992 83 8 49 26 0 9.63 40.96
 Bangladesh 02000-11-10 10 November 2000 68 3 59 6 0 4.41 13.23
ICC World XI 02005-10-14 14 October 2005 1 0 1 0 0 0.00 0.00
Last updated: 8 November 2010[21]

Result records

Greatest win margins (by innings)

Margin Teams Venue Season
Innings and 579 runs  England (903-7 d) beat Australia (201 & 123) The Oval, London 1938
Innings and 360 runs  Australia (652-7 d) beat South Africa (159 & 133) New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg 2001–02
Innings and 336 runs  West Indies (614-5 d) beat India (124 & 154) Eden Gardens, Kolkata 1958–59
Innings and 332 runs  Australia (645) beat England (141 & 172) Brisbane Cricket Ground 1946–47
Innings and 324 runs  Pakistan (643) beat New Zealand (73 & 246) Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore 2002
Last updated: 9 August 2009[22]

Greatest win margin (by runs)

Margin Teams Venue Season
675 runs  England (521 & 342-8 d) beat Australia (122 & 66) Brisbane Exhibition Ground 1928–29
562 runs  Australia (701 & 327) beat England (321 & 145) The Oval, London 1934
530 runs  Australia (328 & 578) beat South Africa (205 & 171) Melbourne Cricket Ground 1910–11
491 runs  Australia (381 & 361-5 d) beat Pakistan (179 & 72) WACA Ground, Perth 2004–05
465 runs  Sri Lanka (384 & 447-6 d) beat Bangladesh (208 & 158) Chittagong Divisional Stadium 2008–09
Last updated: 9 August 2009[23]
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The Pakistan National Cricket Team is an International cricket team representing Pakistan. It is administrated by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB). Pakistan is a member of the International Cricket Council and has professional teams representing in Test cricket, One Day International and Twenty20 matches.
Pakistan are the ICC Cricket World Cup 1992 champions, ICC U-19 Cricket World Cup champions twice in 2004 and in 2006 making them the first and the only team to become back to back champions in the U-19 Cricket World Cup tournaments and they are also the ICC World Twenty20 2009 champions. Pakistan have been semi finalist 3 times in the ICC Champions Trophy in 2000, 2004 and 2009.
After gaining independence from the British Empire in 1947, Pakistan cricket was played before the first Pakistan national team was granted test match playing status. Documentation and archives show that during the 18th century, cricket was played on the western part of India and many successful Indian cricketers played for the English cricket team.[2] It was not until 28 July 1952 that Pakistan started playing test match cricket. Their first match took place in Delhi against India on October of the same year. Their first international tour was to England during 1954. Over the half century, Pakistan has become one of the most challenging and unpredictable teams in the world, the team won the 1992 Cricket World Cup and were runners up in the 1999 Cricket World Cup. The country has produced several world-class players such as Fazal Mahmood, Hanif Mohammad, Sarfaraz Nawaz, Mushtaq Mohammad, Imran Khan, Javed Miandad, Abdul Qadir, Wasim Akram, Inzamam-ul-Haq, Saeed Anwar, Waqar Younis, Mohammad Yousuf and Younis Khan.[3]
As of October 2007, the Pakistani team has played 332 Test matches, winning 30.29%, losing 26.76% and drawing 42.94% of its games.[4] The team is ranked sixth in the ICC Test Championship and fourth place in the ICC ODI Championship.[5] On 28 August 2006, Pakistan won its debut Twenty20 International match in England and were runners up in the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in September 2007. They won the 2009 ICC World Twenty20, beating Sri Lanka by eight wickets.
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Thursday, September 2, 2010

match fixing incidents


Match fixing incidents

  • In 1919, gamblers bribed several members of the Chicago White Sox to throw the World Series. This became known as the Black Sox Scandal and was recounted in book and movie form as Eight Men Out.
  • In 1951, District Attorney Frank Hogan indicted college basketball players for point shaving from four New York schools, including CCNY,Manhattan College, New York University and Long Island University.
  • In 1978, mobsters connected with the New York Lucchese crime family, among them Henry Hill and Jimmy Burke, organized a point shaving scheme with key members of the Boston College basketball team.
  • On August 24, 1989, former baseball player Pete Rose voluntarily accepted a permanent ban from Major League Baseball for allegedly betting on Cincinnati Reds games while managing the team. Rose would later confirm the truth of the allegations in his 2004 autobiography, My Prison Without Bars.
  • In 1994, a comprehensive point shaving scheme organized by campus bookmaker Benny Silman and involving players from the Arizona State University men's basketball team was uncovered with the assistance of Las Vegas bookmakers, who grew suspicious over repeated large wagers being made against Arizona State.[10]
  • In February 1999 a Malaysian-based betting syndicate was caught attempting to install a remote-control device to sabotage the floodlights at English Premier League team Charlton Athletic's ground with the aid of a corrupt security officer. If the match had been abandoned after half-time, then the result and bets would have stood. Subsequent investigations showed that the gang had been responsible for previously unsuspected "floodlight failures" at West Ham's ground in November 1997, and again a month later at Crystal Palace's ground during a home match of Palace's groundsharing tenant Wimbledon.[11][12]
  • In 2000 the Delhi police intercepted a conversation between a blacklisted bookie and the South African cricket captain Hansie Cronje in which they learnt that Cronje accepted money to throw matches. The South African government refused to allow any of its players to face the Indian investigation unit, which opened up a can of worms. A court of inquiry was set up and Cronje admitted to throwing matches. He was immediately banned from all cricket. He also named Saleem Malik (Pakistan), Mohammed Azharuddin and Ajay Jadeja (India). Jadeja was banned for 4 years. They too were banned from all cricket. As a kingpin, Cronje exposed the dark side of betting, however with his untimely death in 2002 most of his sources also have escaped law enforcement agencies. Two South African cricketers, Herschelle Gibbs and Nicky Boje, are also wanted by the Delhi police for their role in the match fixing saga. A few years before in 1998, Australianplayers Mark Waugh and Shane Warne were fined for revealing information about the 'weather' to a bookmaker.
  • The Italian Football Federation said in October 2000 it had found eight players guilty of match-fixing. Three were from Serie A sideAtalanta and the other five played for Serie B side Pistoiese. The players were Giacomo Banchelli, Cristiano Doni and Sebastiano Siviglia(all Atalanta) and Alfredo Aglietti, Massimiliano Allegri, Daniele Amerini, Gianluca Lillo and Girolamo Bizzarri (all Pistoiese). The charges related to an Italian Cup first round tie between the two sides in Bergamo on August 20, 2000 which ended 1-1. Atalanta scored at the end of the first half and Pistoiese equalised three minutes from full time. Atalanta qualified for the second round. Snai, which organises betting on Italian football, said later it had registered suspiciously heavy betting on the result and many of the bets were for a 1-0 halftime score and a fulltime score of 1-1.
  • In June 2004 in South Africa, thirty-three people (including nineteen referees, club officials, a match commissioner and an official of theSouth African Football Association) were arrested on match-fixing charges.
  • In the summer of 2004, Betfair provided evidence of race fixing to City of London Police that led to the arrest of jockey Kieren Fallon and fifteen others on race fixing charges. On 7 December 2007 the judge in the case ordered the jury to find Fallon not guilty on all charges.
  • In late 2004, the game between Panionios and Dinamo Tbilisi in the 2004-05 UEFA Cup was suspected of being fixed after British bookmakers detected an unusually high number of half-time bets for a 5-2 win for the Greek side, which was trailing 0-1. As the final result ended up being 5-2, suspicions of fixing quickly emerged, but were quickly denied by both clubs, although UEFA started an investigation.
  • 2005 Bundesliga scandal: In January 2005, the German Football Association (DFB) and German prosecutors launched separate probes into charges that referee Robert Hoyzer bet on and fixed several matches that he worked, including a German Cup tie. Hoyzer later admitted to the allegations; it has been reported that he was involved with Croat gambling syndicates. He also implicated other referees and players in the match fixing scheme. The first arrests in the Hoyzer investigation were made on January 28 in Berlin, and Hoyzer himself was arrested on February 12 after new evidence apparently emerged to suggest that he had been involved in fixing more matches than he had admitted to. Hoyzer has been banned for life from football by the DFB. On March 10, a second referee, Dominik Marks, was arrested after being implicated in the scheme by Hoyzer. Still later (March 24), it was reported that Hoyzer had told investigators that the gambling ring he was involved with had access to UEFA's referee assignments for international matches and Champions League andUEFA Cup fixtures several days before UEFA publicly announced them. Ultimately, Hoyzer was sentenced to serve 2 years and 5 months in prison.
  • In July 2005, Italian Serie B champions Genoa was arbitrarily placed last in the division, and therefore condemned to relegation in Serie C1, after it was revealed that they bribed their opponents in the final match of the season, Venezia to throw the match. Genoa won the match 3-2 and had apparently secured promotion to Serie A.
  • Brazilian football match-fixing scandal: In September 2005, a Brazilian magazine revealed that two football referees, Edílson Pereira de Carvalho (a member of FIFA's referee staff) and Paulo José Danelon, had accepted bribes to fix matches. Soon afterwards, sport authorities ordered the replaying of 11 matches in the country's top competition, the Campeonato Brasileiro, that had been worked by Edílson. Both referees have been banned for life from football and face possible criminal charges. Brazilian supporters have taken to shout "Edílson" at a referee who they consider to have made a bad call against their team, in a reference to the scandal.
  • 2006 Serie A scandal ("Calciopoli"): In May 2006, perhaps the largest match fixing scandal in the history of Italian Serie A football was uncovered by Italian Police, implicating league champions Juventus, and powerhouses AC Milan, Fiorentina, and Lazio. Teams were suspected of rigging games by selecting favorable referees, and even superstar Italian World Cup team goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon was charged with betting on football games. [2] Initially, Juventus were stripped of their titles in 2004-05 and 2005–06, all four clubs were barred from European club competition in 2006-07, and all except Milan were forcibly relegated to Serie B.[13] After all four clubs appealed, only Juventus remained relegated due while Milan were allowed to enter the third qualifying round of the Champions League (they went on to win the tournament.) The stripping of Juventus' titles stood.[14]`
  • 2007 NBA Referee Scandal: In July 2007 it was revealed that National Basketball Association referee Tim Donaghy had gambled on 10 to 15 games, including games which he refereed. The matter is currently being investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as well as the NBA.
  • 2008 The Fix: Book by Declan Hill alleges that in the 2006 World Cup, the group game between Ghana and Italy, the round-of-16 game between Ghana and Brazil, and the Italy-Ukraine quarter-final were all fixed by Asian gambling syndicates to whom the final scores were known in advance[15]. The German Football Federation (DFB) and German Football League (DFL) looked into claims made in a Der Spiegel[16] interview with Hill that two Bundesliga matches were fixed by William Bee Wah Lim a fugitive with a 2004 conviction for match-fixing.[17]
  • 2008: On October 1, it was reported that a Spanish judge who headed an investigation against Russian Mafia figures uncovered information alleging that the mobsters may have attempted to fix the 2007–08 UEFA Cup semi-final between eventual champion Zenit St. Petersburg and Bayern Munich. Both clubs denied any knowledge of the alleged scheme.[18] Prosecutors in the German state of Bavaria, home to Bayern, later announced that they did not have enough evidence to justify a full investigation.[19]
  • 2008: On October 4, suspicious online betting on the game between Norwich City and Derby County led some to question the validity of the Football League match. Gamblers in Asia were said to have placed a large amount of money down during halftime, which raised concerns over the outcome.[20] The inquiry by The Football Association found no evidence that would suggest the match was fixed.[21]Derby County ended up winning the match 2-1.
  • 2009: On May 6, a federal grand jury in Detroit indicted six former University of Toledo athletes—three each from the school's football and basketball programs—on charges of conspiracy to commit sports bribery in relation to their alleged involvement in a point shaving scheme that ran from 2003 through 2006. It is believed to be the first major U.S. gambling case involving two sports at the same college.[22]
  • In November 2009, German police arrested 17 people on suspicion of fixing at least 200 soccer matches in 9 countries.[23] Among the suspected games were those from the top leagues of Austria, Bosnia, Croatia, Hungary, Slovenia, and Turkey, and games from the second highest leagues of Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland. Three contests from the Champions League were under investigation, and 12 from the Europa League.
  • In 2010, several professional Starcraft players were suspected of being involved in illegal match fixing, with two people arrested and about seven gamers investigated, with two renowned gamers, Ma Jae-Yoon and By.CrocuS were confirmed as working as a broker between the betters and the gamers.[24]
  • August 2010 Cricket: England vs Pakistan- England by the 4th day of their test match, is up winning against Pakistan by an inning and 225 runs, making this Pakistan's worst loss in Cricket in 58 years. It is discovered, however, that the team was subject to match fixing causing a halt of the game and controversy to who is responsible and who is not.
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